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International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences Review Article
Emerging perspectives on male breast cancer: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutic approaches a comprehensive review
Jenifer E, Lavanya R, Anitha W, Nivedha S and Aswini L
Year : 2025 | Pages: 41-44
Received on: 12/09/2025
Revised on: 19/10/2025
Accepted on: 25/10/2025
Published on: 10/11/2025
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Jenifer E, Lavanya R, Anitha W, Nivedha S and Aswini L( 2025).
Emerging perspectives on male breast cancer: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutic approaches a comprehensive review
. International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences, 10( 6), 41-44.
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Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare but clinically significant malignancy accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases worldwide. Despite its low incidence, MBC often presents at advanced stages due to limited awareness, delayed diagnosis, and lack of gender-specific screening programs. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the occurrence, pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and treatment strategies of male breast cancer. Relevant literature published between 1978 and 2024 was systematically reviewed from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Findings indicate that genetic mutations (particularly BRCA2), hormonal imbalance, radiation exposure, and lifestyle factors contribute to MBC pathogenesis. Histologically, invasive ductal carcinoma is the predominant subtype, with hormonal receptor positivity observed in most cases, supporting endocrine therapy as a cornerstone of treatment. Although treatment strategies largely mirror those for female breast cancer, emerging molecular insights suggest the need for tailored therapeutic approaches for men. The review highlights current diagnostic challenges, advances in molecular profiling, and the pressing need for awareness programs and gender-specific clinical trials.
Keywords
Male breast cancer, BRCA mutations, Cancer epidemiology, Targeted therapy, Oncology.
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© The Author(s) 2025. This article is published by International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (creativecommons.org), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
