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International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences Research Article
Apoptosis- inducing and cytotoxicity potential of ethanolic flower extract Combretum indicum against human retinoblastoma (Y79) cells validated by in vitro and in silico docking studies
Kattumuchikkal Sidharth, Narayanasamy Kandhasamy, Nirmala Devi and Sruthy Mohan
Year : 2025 | Volume: 10 | Issue: 6 | Pages: 117-134
Received on: 11/09/2025
Revised on: 21/09/2025
Accepted on: 23/10/2025
Published on: 01/11/2025
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Kattumuchikkal Sidharth, Narayanasamy Kandhasamy, Nirmala Devi and Sruthy Mohan( 2025).
Apoptosis- inducing and cytotoxicity potential of ethanolic flower extract Combretum indicum against human retinoblastoma (Y79) cells validated by in vitro and in silico docking studies
. International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences, 10( 6), 117-134.
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Abstract
This study investigates the phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, molecular interactions, and anticancer activity of the ethanolic flower extract derived from Combretum indicum. Qualitative analysis showed a rich presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and quinones, alongside moderate amounts of saponins, cardiac glycosides, and steroids. The extract demonstrated concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in both the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power and phosphomolybdenum assays, showing IC?? values of 150 and 106.78 µg/mL, respectively. Major phytoconstituents, such as ?-amyrin, 6-cyanoquinoline, supraene, trans-linalool, n-hexadecanoic acid, and hentriacontane, performed molecular docking studies with retinoblastoma protein (Rb, PDB ID: 3N5U). ?-Amyrin exhibited the highest binding affinity (–8.6 kcal/mol), exceeding that of the standard drug methotrexate, indicating considerable inhibitory potential. In vitro cytotoxicity assays carried out on Y79 retinoblastoma cells demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability (IC?? = 118.07 µg/mL), along with morphological alterations indicative of apoptosis. AO/EB dual staining, Annexin V/PI flow cytometry, and DNA fragmentation assays validated that apoptosis is the primary mechanism of cell death. The findings suggest that C. indicum flower extract, especially ?-amyrin, has strong antioxidant and anticancer effects, emphasizing its potential as a natural treatment option for retinoblastoma.
Keywords
Combretum indicum, Molecular docking, Y79 retinoblastoma cells, Cytotoxicity, DNA fragmentation analysis.
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© The Author(s) 2025. This article is published by International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (creativecommons.org), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
