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International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences Review Article
A critical review of uveal and conjunctival melanoma: clinical challenges and future directions
Aileen Sonia Dhas P, Subha C, Lavanya R, Karthick K and Nazreen B
Year : 2025 | Pages: 168-173
Received on: 17/09/2025
Revised on: 20/10/2025
Accepted on: 25/10/2025
Published on: 15/11/2025
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Aileen Sonia Dhas P, Subha C, Lavanya R, Karthick K and Nazreen B( 2025).
A critical review of uveal and conjunctival melanoma: clinical challenges and future directions
. International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences, 10( 6), 168-173.
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Abstract
Uveal and conjunctival melanomas are the two primary malignant melanocytic tumors of the eye, representing distinct clinical entities with unique epidemiological patterns, diagnostic complexities, and therapeutic challenges. Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults, characterized by aggressive metastatic potential, while conjunctival melanoma, though rarer, shows a rising global incidence linked to environmental and genetic factors. Despite advances in ocular imaging, molecular profiling, and targeted therapies, early detection and effective long-term management remain major concerns. This review critically examines current knowledge on the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnostic advancements, treatment strategies, and prognostic determinants of uveal and conjunctival melanoma. It also highlights ongoing challenges, including late diagnosis, limited therapeutic options for metastatic disease, and variability in patient response. Furthermore, the review explores emerging future directions such as gene-based therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, artificial intelligence–assisted diagnostics, and personalized treatment approaches. Understanding these developments is essential for improving patient survival, guiding clinical decision-making, and shaping future research in ocular oncology.
Keywords
Uveal melanoma, Conjunctival melanoma, Ocular malignancy, Metastasis, Immunotherapy.
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© The Author(s) 2025. This article is published by International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (creativecommons.org), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
