*Corresponding Author: Anil Kumar Sharma, Department of Zoology, Dr. BRA Govt
PG College, Nimbahera, Rajasthan Email: [email protected]. 45
International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences ISSN: 2455-9571
Volume 10, Issue 5, pp: 45-48, 2025 http://www.ijzab.com
https://doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2025.v10.i05.006
Research Article
FIRST REPORT OF BEAN POD BORER MOTH (MARUCA VITRATA
FABRICIUS, 1787) FROM RAJASTHAN, INDIA
1Anil Kumar Tripathi, 2*Anil Kumar Sharma, 3Ashvini Kumar Joshi and
4Narayan Lal Choudhary
1,3Department of Zoology, M.L.V. Government College Bhilwara, Rajasthan
*2Department of Zoology, Dr. BRA Govt PG College, Nimbahera, Rajasthan
4Department of Zoology, Adarsh Mahavidhyalaya, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
Article History: Received 26th July 2025; Accepted 29th August 2025; Published 30th September 2025
ABSTRACT
Bean pod borer moth (Maruca vitrata Fabricius, 1787) belongs to the subfamily Pyraustinae, family Crambidae, super
family Pyraloidea, and order Lepidoptera. Species morphological characteristics by wingspan range between 13 to 25 mm
with a dark brown body, while females are typically heavier than males. Species predominantly feed on different
leguminous crops such as pigeon pea, cowpea, mung bean and soybean. This species has been previously reported in
different state and regions of India including Sikkim, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Arunachal
Pradesh, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Tripura, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Mizoram,
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi, Kerala, Chhattisgarh and Chandigarh. However, present observation provides first
photographic record and evidence of the species present in Rajasthan State, India.
Keywords: Bean pod borer moth, Maruca vitrata, Crambidae, Leguminous crop, Rajasthan.
INTRODUCTION
Moths belong to order Lepidoptera and arthropod phylum,
and play a crucial role in terrestrial ecosystems by
providing numerous ecosystem services, such as pollinating
agents for flowers, herbivores of crops and wild plants, as
well as serving as a food resource for several bird and
mammal species, such as bats (Regier et al., 2009; Bates et
al., 2014). Several moth species have been identified as
nocturnal plant-feeding insects, most of which are
associated with angiosperm plants that largely depend upon
animals for pollination (Wahlberg et al., 2013).
Moths are ectothermic species that exhibit a wide range
of distributions among different habitats and are recognized
as indicator species for ecosystem health and status.
Therefore, changes and patterns of diversity, distribution
and abundance in particular areas can be used as ecological
indicators for the conservation of biodiversity and
ecosystem health in particular areas (Dennis et al., 2019).
Moreover, several studies have indicated that moth
diversity has declined at the global level over the past few
decades (van Lanevelde et al., 2018; Hallmann et al., 2020;
Dar and Jamal, 2021). This decline is associated with
habitat loss, fragmentation, degradation, expansion of
urbanization, artificial lighting at night, agricultural
intensification and climate related factord (Conard et al.,
2004; Dennis et al., 2019; Bell et al., 2020). In Rajasthan,
only limited studies have been conducted on the
distribution, abundance, and diversity of moth-particular
Southern Rajasthan (Koli and Prajapati, 2021), Jaipur
(Savita and Trigunayat, 2023), Jhalawar (Jain and Verma,
2023), and the urban areas of the Bhilwara district (Tripathi
et al., 2025 a & b). However, the bean pod borer moth
species has not been reported from Rajasthan state. So
present study provided new record species Maruca vitrata
Fabricius, 1787 (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae:
Pyraustinae) from Bhilwara district, Rajasthan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During regular visits to the Bhilwara city area, the Bean
pod borer moth (Maruca vitrata Fabricius, 1787) moth
Anil Kumar Tripathi et al. Int. J. Zool. Appl. Biosci., 10(5), 45-48, 2025
www.ijzab.com 46
species was sighted from the campus area of MLV College
Bhilwara. Photographs of the observed species and their
habitats photographs were taken using Nikon P500
cameras. Species identification has done using “Moths of
India” and “iNaturalist” online databases.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Bean pod borer moth is also known as a legume borer
moth. During literature survey, it was found that the species
was previously observed and distributed in Asia, Africa,
North, South, and Central America, Caribbean, Europe,
Australia and Oceania (Taylor, 1967; Raheja, 1974;
Katayama and Suzuki, 1984; Ke et al., 1985; Sharma,
1998; Lu et al., 2007; Periasamy et al., 2015; Ba et al.,
2019). In India, it has been reported in different regions of
county, including Sikkim, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya,
Maharashtra, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Tripura, Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Mizoram, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, and
Chandigarh (Table 1) (Sondhi et al., 2025). Therefore, the
present paper reports this species first time occurrence from
Rajasthan, India. On 24.05.2025, we first observed of this
species in Rajasthan from campus of Manikya Lal Verma
Government College, Bhilwara (Figure 1). Adult moth
characterized by large sized wingspan ranges between 13 to
25 mm with dark brown body colour. Generally female are
heavier than male individuals. Larva of this species is tub-
shaped, translucent and colour ranges from greenish to
brown with dark brown spot on each segment. Eggs are
oval and greenish-white, turning yellow as they mature
(Taylor, 1967). This moth species predominantly feed on
leguminous crops like pigeon pea, cowpea, mung bean and
soybean.
Table 1. First reporting of Maruca vitrata Fabricius, 1787 in India.
(Source: http://www.mothsofindia.org)
S.No. State Date of Reporting Observers
1. Sikkim 22.10.2008 Shyam Ghate
2. Goa 27.09.2009 Shyam Ghate
3. Tamil Nadu 14.12.2010 Vikas Madhav Nagarajan
4. Meghalaya 27.01.2011 Sanjay Sondhi
5. Maharashtra 26.11.2011 Janathan Dsilva
6. Nagaland 10.04.2012 Joyce Veino
7. Arunachal Pradesh 12.04.2012 Purnendu Roy
8. West Bengal 24.06.2014 Asim Mitra
9. Himachal Pradesh 21.09.2015 Sanjay Sondhi
10. Uttarakhand 22.10.2015 Sanjay Sondhi
11. Tripura 04.12.2015 Suman Bhowmik
12. Karnataka 20.11.2017 Gopakumar VR Namboothiri
13. Madhya Pradesh 26.10.2018 Samrat Godambe
14. Assam 06.12.2018 Kumud Ghosh
15. Gujarat 22.09.2019 Rajesh Prabhakar Mahajan
16. Mizoram 04.12.2019 Priya Singh
17. Andhra Pradesh 28.12.2019 R. Bhanumathi
18. Telangana 24.07.2020 Sirisha Kusuma
19. Delhi 23.08.2020 Sourabh
20. Kerala 26.04.2021 Arun Lal
21. Chhattisgarh 25.10.2021 Gulshan Kumar
22. Chandigarh 08.08.2022 Rajesh Prabhakar Mahajan
www.ijzab.com 46
species was sighted from the campus area of MLV College
Bhilwara. Photographs of the observed species and their
habitats photographs were taken using Nikon P500
cameras. Species identification has done using “Moths of
India” and “iNaturalist” online databases.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Bean pod borer moth is also known as a legume borer
moth. During literature survey, it was found that the species
was previously observed and distributed in Asia, Africa,
North, South, and Central America, Caribbean, Europe,
Australia and Oceania (Taylor, 1967; Raheja, 1974;
Katayama and Suzuki, 1984; Ke et al., 1985; Sharma,
1998; Lu et al., 2007; Periasamy et al., 2015; Ba et al.,
2019). In India, it has been reported in different regions of
county, including Sikkim, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya,
Maharashtra, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Tripura, Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Mizoram, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, and
Chandigarh (Table 1) (Sondhi et al., 2025). Therefore, the
present paper reports this species first time occurrence from
Rajasthan, India. On 24.05.2025, we first observed of this
species in Rajasthan from campus of Manikya Lal Verma
Government College, Bhilwara (Figure 1). Adult moth
characterized by large sized wingspan ranges between 13 to
25 mm with dark brown body colour. Generally female are
heavier than male individuals. Larva of this species is tub-
shaped, translucent and colour ranges from greenish to
brown with dark brown spot on each segment. Eggs are
oval and greenish-white, turning yellow as they mature
(Taylor, 1967). This moth species predominantly feed on
leguminous crops like pigeon pea, cowpea, mung bean and
soybean.
Table 1. First reporting of Maruca vitrata Fabricius, 1787 in India.
(Source: http://www.mothsofindia.org)
S.No. State Date of Reporting Observers
1. Sikkim 22.10.2008 Shyam Ghate
2. Goa 27.09.2009 Shyam Ghate
3. Tamil Nadu 14.12.2010 Vikas Madhav Nagarajan
4. Meghalaya 27.01.2011 Sanjay Sondhi
5. Maharashtra 26.11.2011 Janathan Dsilva
6. Nagaland 10.04.2012 Joyce Veino
7. Arunachal Pradesh 12.04.2012 Purnendu Roy
8. West Bengal 24.06.2014 Asim Mitra
9. Himachal Pradesh 21.09.2015 Sanjay Sondhi
10. Uttarakhand 22.10.2015 Sanjay Sondhi
11. Tripura 04.12.2015 Suman Bhowmik
12. Karnataka 20.11.2017 Gopakumar VR Namboothiri
13. Madhya Pradesh 26.10.2018 Samrat Godambe
14. Assam 06.12.2018 Kumud Ghosh
15. Gujarat 22.09.2019 Rajesh Prabhakar Mahajan
16. Mizoram 04.12.2019 Priya Singh
17. Andhra Pradesh 28.12.2019 R. Bhanumathi
18. Telangana 24.07.2020 Sirisha Kusuma
19. Delhi 23.08.2020 Sourabh
20. Kerala 26.04.2021 Arun Lal
21. Chhattisgarh 25.10.2021 Gulshan Kumar
22. Chandigarh 08.08.2022 Rajesh Prabhakar Mahajan
Anil Kumar Tripathi et al. Int. J. Zool. Appl. Biosci., 10(5), 45-48, 2025
www.ijzab.com 47
Figure 1. Bean pod borer moth, Maruca vitrata Fabricius, 1787 reported from Bhilwara, Rajasthan, India.
Furthermore, larval stages of Maruca vitrata are destructive
to the forest and agricultural ecosystems, as they consume
the flower and pods of more than 39 host plants, including
two non-leguminous species (Rathore and Lal, 1998;
Arodokoun et al., 2003). Taylor (1978) and Singh and
Jackai (1988) provided information on the biology and
management of Maruca vitrata. Larvae of Maruca vitrata
consume flower buds and pods by webbing them together.
These feeding habits protect larvae from predators and
other adverse factors, including insecticides. They are
usually laid on eggs during the flower bud stage. Larvae
migrate from one flower to another, with each larva
consuming four to six flowers before completing their
development. Third to fifth instar larvae are capable of
boring pods and occasionally into peduncles and stems
(Taylor, 1967).
CONCLUSION
The present study documents the first record of the bean
pod borer moth, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius), from
Rajasthan, India. The occurrence of this species in
Bhilwara expands its known distribution within the
country, where it has already been reported from several
states across diverse agro-climatic zones. Morphological
characteristics of adults, larvae, and eggs observed in the
present study are consistent with previous descriptions. As
a polyphagous pest with a wide geographical range,
M. vitrata continues to pose a serious threat to leguminous
crops and associated ecosystems due to its destructive
larval feeding behavior on flowers and pods.
The confirmation of its presence in Rajasthan highlights
the need for regular monitoring, early detection, and the
development of integrated pest management strategies to
minimize crop losses. This first report thus provides
baseline information for future ecological, biological, and
management studies of M. vitrata in the region.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors express sincere thanks to the Head of the
Department of Zoology, M.L.V. Government College,
Bhilwara, Rajasthan for the facilities provided to carry out
this research work.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare no conflict of interest
ETHICS APPROVAL
Not applicable
FUNDING
This study received no specific funding from public,
commercial, or not-for-profit funding agencies.
AI TOOL DECLARATION
The authors declares that no AI and related tools are used to
write the scientific content of this manuscript.
DATA AVAILABILITY
Data will be available on request
REFERENCE
Arodokoun, D.Y., Tamo, M., Cloutier, C., & Adeoti, R.
(2003). Importance of alternative host plants for the
annual cycle of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata
Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Southern and
Central Benin. International Journal of Tropical Insect
Science, 23(2), 103-113.
Ba, N.M., Huesing, J.E., Dabiré-Binso, C.L., Tamò, M.,
Pittendrigh, B.R., & Murdock, L. L. (2019). The legume
www.ijzab.com 47
Figure 1. Bean pod borer moth, Maruca vitrata Fabricius, 1787 reported from Bhilwara, Rajasthan, India.
Furthermore, larval stages of Maruca vitrata are destructive
to the forest and agricultural ecosystems, as they consume
the flower and pods of more than 39 host plants, including
two non-leguminous species (Rathore and Lal, 1998;
Arodokoun et al., 2003). Taylor (1978) and Singh and
Jackai (1988) provided information on the biology and
management of Maruca vitrata. Larvae of Maruca vitrata
consume flower buds and pods by webbing them together.
These feeding habits protect larvae from predators and
other adverse factors, including insecticides. They are
usually laid on eggs during the flower bud stage. Larvae
migrate from one flower to another, with each larva
consuming four to six flowers before completing their
development. Third to fifth instar larvae are capable of
boring pods and occasionally into peduncles and stems
(Taylor, 1967).
CONCLUSION
The present study documents the first record of the bean
pod borer moth, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius), from
Rajasthan, India. The occurrence of this species in
Bhilwara expands its known distribution within the
country, where it has already been reported from several
states across diverse agro-climatic zones. Morphological
characteristics of adults, larvae, and eggs observed in the
present study are consistent with previous descriptions. As
a polyphagous pest with a wide geographical range,
M. vitrata continues to pose a serious threat to leguminous
crops and associated ecosystems due to its destructive
larval feeding behavior on flowers and pods.
The confirmation of its presence in Rajasthan highlights
the need for regular monitoring, early detection, and the
development of integrated pest management strategies to
minimize crop losses. This first report thus provides
baseline information for future ecological, biological, and
management studies of M. vitrata in the region.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors express sincere thanks to the Head of the
Department of Zoology, M.L.V. Government College,
Bhilwara, Rajasthan for the facilities provided to carry out
this research work.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare no conflict of interest
ETHICS APPROVAL
Not applicable
FUNDING
This study received no specific funding from public,
commercial, or not-for-profit funding agencies.
AI TOOL DECLARATION
The authors declares that no AI and related tools are used to
write the scientific content of this manuscript.
DATA AVAILABILITY
Data will be available on request
REFERENCE
Arodokoun, D.Y., Tamo, M., Cloutier, C., & Adeoti, R.
(2003). Importance of alternative host plants for the
annual cycle of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata
Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Southern and
Central Benin. International Journal of Tropical Insect
Science, 23(2), 103-113.
Ba, N.M., Huesing, J.E., Dabiré-Binso, C.L., Tamò, M.,
Pittendrigh, B.R., & Murdock, L. L. (2019). The legume
Anil Kumar Tripathi et al. Int. J. Zool. Appl. Biosci., 10(5), 45-48, 2025
www.ijzab.com 48
pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera:
Crambidae), an important insect pest of cowpea: a review
emphasizing West Africa. International Journal of
Tropical Insect Science, 39, 93-106.
Bates, A. J., Sadler, J. P., Grundy, D., Lowe, N., Davis, G.,
Baker, D., & Young, H. (2014). Garden and landscape-
scale correlates of moths of differing conservation status:
significant effects of urbanization and habitat diversity.
PLoS One, 9(1), e86925.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086925
Bell, J. R., Blumgart, D., & Shortall, C. R. (2020). Are
insects declining and at what rate? An analysis of
standardised, systematic catches of aphid and moth
abundances across Great Britain. Insect Conservation and
Diversity, 13(2), 115-126.
Conrad, K. F., Woiwod, I. P., Parsons, M., Fox, R., &
Warren, M. S. (2004). Long-term population trends in
widespread British moths. Journal of Insect
Conservation, 8(2), 119-136.
Dar, A. A., & Jamal, K. (2021). The decline of moths
globally: A review of possible causes. Munis Entomology
& Zoology, 16(1), 317-326.
Dennis EB, Brereton TM, Morgan BJT, Fox R, Shortall
CR, Prescott T, Foster S (2019). Trends and indicators for
quantifying moth abundance and occupancy in Scotland.
Journal of Insect Conservation, 23:369-380.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-019-00135-z
Jain, N., & Verma, K.K. (2023). A preliminary study of
biodiversity of nocturnal lepidoptera in selected areas of
Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Studies, 11(2): 133-135.
Katayama, J., & Suzuki, I. (1984). Seasonal prevalence of
pod borers [Ostrinia scapulalis, Maruca testulalis and
Matsumuraeses sp.] in azuki-beans and injury caused by
larval infestation. Bulletin of the Kyoto Prefectural
Institute of Agriculture (Japan), (12), 27-34.
Ke, L.D., Fang, J.L., & Li, Z.J. (1985). Bionomics and
control of the legume pod-borer Maruca testulalis Geyer.
Acta Entomologica Sinica, 28(1), 51–59
Koli, V. K., & Prajapati, U. (2021). A preliminary checklist
of moths (Lepidoptera) from southern Rajasthan, India.
Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 121 (2), 241-
256.
Lu, P. F., Qiao, H. L., Wang, X. P., Wang, X. Q., & Lei, C.
L. (2007). The emergence and mating rhythms of the
legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius, 1787)
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist,
83(3), 226-234.
Periasamy, M., Schafleitner, R., Muthukalingan, K., &
Ramasamy, S. (2015). Phylogeographical structure in
mitochondrial DNA of legume pod borer (Maruca
vitrata) population in tropical Asia and sub-Saharan
Africa. PLoS One, 10(4), e0124057.
Raheja, A. I. (1974). Report on the insect pests of grain
legumes in northern Nigeria. In 1st IITA Grain Legume
Improvement Workshop (1973): International Institute of
Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria (pp. 295-299).
Rathore, Y. S., & Lal, S. S. (1998). Phylogenetic
relationship of host plants of Maruca vitrata. Indian
Journal of Pulses Research, 11(2), 152-155.
Regier, J. C., Zwick, A., Cummings, M. P., Kawahara, A.
Y., Cho, S., Weller, S., & Mitter, C. (2009). Toward
reconstructing the evolution of advanced moths and
butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an initial molecular
study. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9 (1), 280.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-280
Savita, R., & Trigunayat, M.M. (2023). Studies on the
species richness, evenness, and diversity of moth fauna of
Jaipur, Rajasthan. Journal of Applied Entomologist, 2(4),
35-41.
Sharma, H.C. (1998). Bionomics, host plant resistance, and
management of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata a
review. Crop Protection, 17(5), 373-386.
Singh, S. R., & Jackai, L. E. N. (1988). The legume pod-
borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer): past, present and future
research. International Journal of Tropical Insect
Science, 9, 1-5.
Sondhi, S., Sondhi, Y., Roy, P., & Kunte, K. (2025). Moths
of India, v. 3.90. Indian Foundation for Butterflies Trust.
URL: http://www.mothsofindia.org
Taylor, T.A. (1967). The bionomics of Maruca testulalis
Gey. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a major pest of cowpeas in
Nigeria. Journal of the West African Science Association,
2, 111-129.
Taylor, W. E. (1978). Recent trends in grain legume pest
research in Sierra Leone. In Pests of Grain Legumes:
Ecology and Control, Crop Protection 1998 Volume 17
Number 5 ed. Singh, S. R., van Emden, H. F. and Taylor,
J. A. Academic Press, London, 93-98.
Tripathi, A.K., Sharma, A.K., & Choudhary, N.L. (2025a).
First report of Waterlily Leafcutter moth (Elophila
responsalis Walker, 1866) from Rajasthan, India.
International Journal of Entomology Research, 10(5),
105-107.
Tripathi, A.K., Sharma, A.K., & Choudhary, N.L. (2025b).
First report of male maize webworm moth
(Cnaphalocrocis trapezalis Guenée, 1854) from
Rajasthan, India. International Journal of Entomology
Research, 10(6), 24-25.
van Langevelde, F., Braamburg‐Annegarn, M., Huigens,
M. E., Groendijk, R., Poitevin, O., van Deijk, J. R. &
Wallis Devries, M. F. (2018). Declines in moth
populations stress the need for conserving dark nights.
Global Change Biology, 24(3), 925-932.
Wahlberg, N., Wheat, C.W., & Pena C (2013). Timing and
patterns in the taxonomic diversification of Lepidoptera
(butterflies and moths). Plos One, 8(11), e80875.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080875.
www.ijzab.com 48
pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera:
Crambidae), an important insect pest of cowpea: a review
emphasizing West Africa. International Journal of
Tropical Insect Science, 39, 93-106.
Bates, A. J., Sadler, J. P., Grundy, D., Lowe, N., Davis, G.,
Baker, D., & Young, H. (2014). Garden and landscape-
scale correlates of moths of differing conservation status:
significant effects of urbanization and habitat diversity.
PLoS One, 9(1), e86925.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086925
Bell, J. R., Blumgart, D., & Shortall, C. R. (2020). Are
insects declining and at what rate? An analysis of
standardised, systematic catches of aphid and moth
abundances across Great Britain. Insect Conservation and
Diversity, 13(2), 115-126.
Conrad, K. F., Woiwod, I. P., Parsons, M., Fox, R., &
Warren, M. S. (2004). Long-term population trends in
widespread British moths. Journal of Insect
Conservation, 8(2), 119-136.
Dar, A. A., & Jamal, K. (2021). The decline of moths
globally: A review of possible causes. Munis Entomology
& Zoology, 16(1), 317-326.
Dennis EB, Brereton TM, Morgan BJT, Fox R, Shortall
CR, Prescott T, Foster S (2019). Trends and indicators for
quantifying moth abundance and occupancy in Scotland.
Journal of Insect Conservation, 23:369-380.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-019-00135-z
Jain, N., & Verma, K.K. (2023). A preliminary study of
biodiversity of nocturnal lepidoptera in selected areas of
Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Studies, 11(2): 133-135.
Katayama, J., & Suzuki, I. (1984). Seasonal prevalence of
pod borers [Ostrinia scapulalis, Maruca testulalis and
Matsumuraeses sp.] in azuki-beans and injury caused by
larval infestation. Bulletin of the Kyoto Prefectural
Institute of Agriculture (Japan), (12), 27-34.
Ke, L.D., Fang, J.L., & Li, Z.J. (1985). Bionomics and
control of the legume pod-borer Maruca testulalis Geyer.
Acta Entomologica Sinica, 28(1), 51–59
Koli, V. K., & Prajapati, U. (2021). A preliminary checklist
of moths (Lepidoptera) from southern Rajasthan, India.
Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 121 (2), 241-
256.
Lu, P. F., Qiao, H. L., Wang, X. P., Wang, X. Q., & Lei, C.
L. (2007). The emergence and mating rhythms of the
legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius, 1787)
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist,
83(3), 226-234.
Periasamy, M., Schafleitner, R., Muthukalingan, K., &
Ramasamy, S. (2015). Phylogeographical structure in
mitochondrial DNA of legume pod borer (Maruca
vitrata) population in tropical Asia and sub-Saharan
Africa. PLoS One, 10(4), e0124057.
Raheja, A. I. (1974). Report on the insect pests of grain
legumes in northern Nigeria. In 1st IITA Grain Legume
Improvement Workshop (1973): International Institute of
Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria (pp. 295-299).
Rathore, Y. S., & Lal, S. S. (1998). Phylogenetic
relationship of host plants of Maruca vitrata. Indian
Journal of Pulses Research, 11(2), 152-155.
Regier, J. C., Zwick, A., Cummings, M. P., Kawahara, A.
Y., Cho, S., Weller, S., & Mitter, C. (2009). Toward
reconstructing the evolution of advanced moths and
butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an initial molecular
study. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9 (1), 280.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-280
Savita, R., & Trigunayat, M.M. (2023). Studies on the
species richness, evenness, and diversity of moth fauna of
Jaipur, Rajasthan. Journal of Applied Entomologist, 2(4),
35-41.
Sharma, H.C. (1998). Bionomics, host plant resistance, and
management of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata a
review. Crop Protection, 17(5), 373-386.
Singh, S. R., & Jackai, L. E. N. (1988). The legume pod-
borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer): past, present and future
research. International Journal of Tropical Insect
Science, 9, 1-5.
Sondhi, S., Sondhi, Y., Roy, P., & Kunte, K. (2025). Moths
of India, v. 3.90. Indian Foundation for Butterflies Trust.
URL: http://www.mothsofindia.org
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