*Corresponding Author: Gopal Anapana, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Maharajah’s
College Autonomous, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India., Email: [email protected]. 167
International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences ISSN: 2455-9571
Volume 10, Issue 5, pp: 167-175, 2025 http://www.ijzab.com
https://doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2025.v10.i05.019
Research Article
BURDEN OF PCOD ON LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH OF COLLEGE WOMEN
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM VIZIANAGARAM,
ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
*1Gopal Anapana, 2Amani Yalla, 2Rajya Lakshmi Mathangi, 1Penta Asritha, 1Rongali Divya,
1Messala Ravi Kumar, 1Gummadi Sujatha, 1Maradana Tarunkumar,
1Kodamanchili Uday Kiran, 1Meesala Venkata Lakshmi
1Department of Zoology, Maharajah’s College Autonomous, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2Department of Zoology, Sir. C. R. Reddy College for Women, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Article History: Received 10th August 2025; Accepted 11th September 2025; Published 30th September 2025
ABSTRACT
Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) is an emerging public health concern among young women, with implications that
extend beyond reproductive health to overall well-being and lifestyle. This study examines the prevalence, awareness,
lifestyle impact, and health-seeking behaviour associated with PCOD among female undergraduate students at Maharaja’s
Autonomous College, Vizianagaram. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through structured
questionnaires from over 350 participants across multiple departments. The survey explored menstrual irregularities,
hormonal symptoms, lifestyle habits, mental health, and access to healthcare. Findings revealed that 38% of respondents
reported symptoms consistent with PCOD, while only 21% had received a formal diagnosis. Among those affected, more
than 70% experienced significant disruptions to daily life, including fatigue, weight fluctuations, anxiety, and irregular
menstrual cycles. Moderate awareness levels were observed, with social stigma and limited access to gynaecological care
acting as major barriers to timely diagnosis and treatment. Consultations with faculty emphasized the urgent need for
comprehensive reproductive health education, regular screening, and mental health support within academic institutions.
The study underscores the importance of integrated campus health initiatives to promote early intervention, reduce
stigma, and improve the quality of life for young women.
Keywords: PCOD, Young Women’s Health, Menstrual Disorders, Lifestyle Impact, Reproductive Health.
INTRODUCTION
Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD), also referred to as
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), is one of the most
prevalent endocrine disorders among women of
reproductive age and is increasingly recognized as a
pressing global health concern. Characterized by
hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and the presence
of polycystic ovaries, it contributes to menstrual
irregularities, infertility, metabolic disturbances, and
significant psychosocial distress (Teede et al., 2018; Azziz
et al., 2020). The condition has a global prevalence ranging
between 6% and 22% depending on diagnostic criteria,
with studies in India estimating a prevalence of 9% to 22%
among adolescents and young adult women (Kaur and
Sharma, 2021). This upward trend among younger
populations reflects not only genetic and biological
predispositions but also changing lifestyle patterns such as
sedentary routines, poor dietary practices, academic stress,
and irregular sleep schedules, which collectively exacerbate
the risk of PCOD (Chauhan et al., 2023; Patel & Verma,
2022). The burden of PCOD in young women is
multifaceted. Adolescents and college-aged women are
particularly vulnerable due to disrupted daily routines,
irregular eating habits, and limited reproductive health
awareness. Studies from both India and abroad indicate that
PCOD affects not only physical health but also emotional
Gopal Anapana et al. Int. J. Zool. Appl. Biosci., 10(5), 167-175, 2025
www.ijzab.com 168
well-being, social life, and academic performance (Rani et
al., 2021; Kalra & Bharti, 2020). Menstrual irregularities,
acne, hirsutism, obesity, and infertility are some of the
common physiological symptoms, yet the syndrome
extends far beyond reproductive health. Mental health
issues such as anxiety, depression, and body image
dissatisfaction are frequently reported among young
women with PCOD, often leading to social isolation and
academic disruption (Dokras et al., 2015; Mishra et al.,
2024). Unfortunately, despite growing academic interest,
many cases remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed due to
poor awareness, normalization of menstrual problems, and
stigma surrounding gynecological consultations,
particularly in semi-urban and rural settings where cultural
taboos are more pronounced (Singh & Yadav, 2021). The
etiology of PCOD is complex and multifactorial, involving
genetic predisposition, insulin resistance,
hyperandrogenism, and environmental influences (Azziz et
al., 2020). However, lifestyle has emerged as a critical
determinant in both the development and progression of the
condition. Sedentary behavior, inadequate physical activity,
consumption of processed and high-glycemic foods, and
disrupted sleep patterns are strongly linked to hormonal
imbalance and insulin resistance, which in turn intensify
PCOD symptoms (Narayan & Bose, 2024; Goyal et al.,
2020). Recent research among college populations in India
demonstrates that students who maintain poor dietary
habits and lack exercise exhibit more severe PCOD
manifestations (Patel & Verma, 2022). Moreover, irregular
academic schedules and chronic stress have been found to
exacerbate endocrine disruption, manifesting in fatigue,
mood instability, and menstrual irregularities (Kalra &
Bharti, 2020). Such findings underscore the importance of
holistic lifestyle interventions tailored to the needs of
adolescents and young women. Beyond the physiological
aspects, the psychological and social implications of PCOD
are profound. Body image dissatisfaction, hirsutism, acne,
and obesity often trigger negative self-perception and lead
to heightened risks of depression and anxiety (Rani et al.,
2021). Social stigma and misinformation exacerbate these
challenges, with many young women reporting feelings of
isolation and embarrassment about their condition (Mishra
et al., 2024). Academic performance is also affected, as
symptoms such as chronic fatigue and mood swings hinder
concentration and contribute to increased absenteeism.
Limited institutional mental health resources and the taboo
surrounding open discussions about reproductive health
further delay help-seeking behavior (Chauhan et al., 2023).
Despite the growing prevalence, awareness of PCOD
remains inadequate, especially in tier-2 and tier-3 towns
and rural communities. Many young women misattribute
symptoms to normal menstrual fluctuations or academic
stress, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment (Singh
& Yadav, 2021). Cultural taboos around menstruation and
reliance on informal or non-medical sources of information
further compound the problem (Rao et al., 2022). A survey
conducted by Jain et al. (2021) revealed that only one in
four college-going women experiencing PCOD-like
symptoms sought medical consultation, with
embarrassment, stigma, and reliance on social media being
major barriers. These findings emphasize the urgent need
for accessible and student-centered reproductive health
education and services. The current body of literature
reflects important gaps in PCOD research. While clinical
and biomedical studies dominate, focusing largely on
biochemical parameters, pharmacological interventions,
and fertility outcomes in adult women, relatively little
attention has been paid to the lived experiences of
adolescents and young adults (Bhattacharya & Jha, 2020).
Specifically, there is limited research on how PCOD
influences daily routines, academic performance, mental
health, and social participation among college students in
semi-urban and rural settings. Recent calls for youth-
focused and community-based research aim to address
these limitations and inform preventive and inclusive
healthcare strategies (Narayan & Bose, 2024). Few
longitudinal studies track the natural progression of PCOD
from early symptom onset to diagnosis, and even fewer
explore the effectiveness of awareness campaigns in
shaping health-seeking behaviors among young women.
Amid these challenges, lifestyle-based management and
preventive strategies have emerged as effective first-line
interventions. Evidence increasingly supports the role of
regular physical activity, yoga, balanced nutrition, and
stress reduction techniques in mitigating both metabolic
and reproductive outcomes of PCOD (Das & Menon, 2022;
Lim et al., 2012). For instance, Nidhi et al. (2021)
demonstrated in a randomized control trial that yoga
interventions improved ovulatory cycles and reduced
testosterone levels among adolescent girls with PCOD,
highlighting the potential of non-pharmacological
approaches. Similarly, structured nutritional education has
been shown to regulate insulin resistance and restore
menstrual regularity. Academic institutions, particularly
colleges and universities, hold immense potential as
intervention hubs. By implementing campus-based health
awareness programs, wellness workshops, and peer-led
counseling initiatives, they can serve as primary sites for
early detection and holistic management of PCOD. The
integration of digital platforms such as menstrual tracking
applications and online counseling services can further
enhance accessibility and personalization of care,
particularly for tech-savvy student populations (Kalra &
Bharti, 2020). Digital health education tools not only
empower students to monitor their symptoms but also
reduce the stigma associated with in-person consultations.
Between 2020 and 2025, a growing body of literature has
emphasized the integration of lifestyle epidemiology and
public health strategies in managing early-onset PCOD.
Preventive measures such as yoga sessions, nutritional
guidance, campus health clubs, and digital reproductive
health platforms have shown promising outcomes in
www.ijzab.com 168
well-being, social life, and academic performance (Rani et
al., 2021; Kalra & Bharti, 2020). Menstrual irregularities,
acne, hirsutism, obesity, and infertility are some of the
common physiological symptoms, yet the syndrome
extends far beyond reproductive health. Mental health
issues such as anxiety, depression, and body image
dissatisfaction are frequently reported among young
women with PCOD, often leading to social isolation and
academic disruption (Dokras et al., 2015; Mishra et al.,
2024). Unfortunately, despite growing academic interest,
many cases remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed due to
poor awareness, normalization of menstrual problems, and
stigma surrounding gynecological consultations,
particularly in semi-urban and rural settings where cultural
taboos are more pronounced (Singh & Yadav, 2021). The
etiology of PCOD is complex and multifactorial, involving
genetic predisposition, insulin resistance,
hyperandrogenism, and environmental influences (Azziz et
al., 2020). However, lifestyle has emerged as a critical
determinant in both the development and progression of the
condition. Sedentary behavior, inadequate physical activity,
consumption of processed and high-glycemic foods, and
disrupted sleep patterns are strongly linked to hormonal
imbalance and insulin resistance, which in turn intensify
PCOD symptoms (Narayan & Bose, 2024; Goyal et al.,
2020). Recent research among college populations in India
demonstrates that students who maintain poor dietary
habits and lack exercise exhibit more severe PCOD
manifestations (Patel & Verma, 2022). Moreover, irregular
academic schedules and chronic stress have been found to
exacerbate endocrine disruption, manifesting in fatigue,
mood instability, and menstrual irregularities (Kalra &
Bharti, 2020). Such findings underscore the importance of
holistic lifestyle interventions tailored to the needs of
adolescents and young women. Beyond the physiological
aspects, the psychological and social implications of PCOD
are profound. Body image dissatisfaction, hirsutism, acne,
and obesity often trigger negative self-perception and lead
to heightened risks of depression and anxiety (Rani et al.,
2021). Social stigma and misinformation exacerbate these
challenges, with many young women reporting feelings of
isolation and embarrassment about their condition (Mishra
et al., 2024). Academic performance is also affected, as
symptoms such as chronic fatigue and mood swings hinder
concentration and contribute to increased absenteeism.
Limited institutional mental health resources and the taboo
surrounding open discussions about reproductive health
further delay help-seeking behavior (Chauhan et al., 2023).
Despite the growing prevalence, awareness of PCOD
remains inadequate, especially in tier-2 and tier-3 towns
and rural communities. Many young women misattribute
symptoms to normal menstrual fluctuations or academic
stress, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment (Singh
& Yadav, 2021). Cultural taboos around menstruation and
reliance on informal or non-medical sources of information
further compound the problem (Rao et al., 2022). A survey
conducted by Jain et al. (2021) revealed that only one in
four college-going women experiencing PCOD-like
symptoms sought medical consultation, with
embarrassment, stigma, and reliance on social media being
major barriers. These findings emphasize the urgent need
for accessible and student-centered reproductive health
education and services. The current body of literature
reflects important gaps in PCOD research. While clinical
and biomedical studies dominate, focusing largely on
biochemical parameters, pharmacological interventions,
and fertility outcomes in adult women, relatively little
attention has been paid to the lived experiences of
adolescents and young adults (Bhattacharya & Jha, 2020).
Specifically, there is limited research on how PCOD
influences daily routines, academic performance, mental
health, and social participation among college students in
semi-urban and rural settings. Recent calls for youth-
focused and community-based research aim to address
these limitations and inform preventive and inclusive
healthcare strategies (Narayan & Bose, 2024). Few
longitudinal studies track the natural progression of PCOD
from early symptom onset to diagnosis, and even fewer
explore the effectiveness of awareness campaigns in
shaping health-seeking behaviors among young women.
Amid these challenges, lifestyle-based management and
preventive strategies have emerged as effective first-line
interventions. Evidence increasingly supports the role of
regular physical activity, yoga, balanced nutrition, and
stress reduction techniques in mitigating both metabolic
and reproductive outcomes of PCOD (Das & Menon, 2022;
Lim et al., 2012). For instance, Nidhi et al. (2021)
demonstrated in a randomized control trial that yoga
interventions improved ovulatory cycles and reduced
testosterone levels among adolescent girls with PCOD,
highlighting the potential of non-pharmacological
approaches. Similarly, structured nutritional education has
been shown to regulate insulin resistance and restore
menstrual regularity. Academic institutions, particularly
colleges and universities, hold immense potential as
intervention hubs. By implementing campus-based health
awareness programs, wellness workshops, and peer-led
counseling initiatives, they can serve as primary sites for
early detection and holistic management of PCOD. The
integration of digital platforms such as menstrual tracking
applications and online counseling services can further
enhance accessibility and personalization of care,
particularly for tech-savvy student populations (Kalra &
Bharti, 2020). Digital health education tools not only
empower students to monitor their symptoms but also
reduce the stigma associated with in-person consultations.
Between 2020 and 2025, a growing body of literature has
emphasized the integration of lifestyle epidemiology and
public health strategies in managing early-onset PCOD.
Preventive measures such as yoga sessions, nutritional
guidance, campus health clubs, and digital reproductive
health platforms have shown promising outcomes in
Gopal Anapana et al. Int. J. Zool. Appl. Biosci., 10(5), 167-175, 2025
www.ijzab.com 169
improving awareness, symptom control, and quality of life
among female students (Das & Menon, 2022; Narayan &
Bose, 2024). Such approaches demonstrate that
interdisciplinary and community-based strategies can
effectively complement biomedical care in reducing the
burden of PCOD. In conclusion, PCOD is not only an
endocrine disorder but also a lifestyle and public health
issue that disproportionately affects adolescents and young
women. Its prevalence is rising due to changing lifestyle
habits and limited awareness, while its impacts extend
across physical health, mental well-being, academic
performance, and social participation. Despite its growing
significance, research continues to underrepresent the lived
experiences of college-aged women, particularly in semi-
urban and rural India. Addressing this gap requires cross-
disciplinary approaches that integrate reproductive biology,
lifestyle modification, and public health education. By
targeting young women in academic environments through
structured wellness programs, awareness initiatives, and
digital tools, it is possible to reduce stigma, promote early
diagnosis, and improve overall quality of life. Ultimately,
timely and inclusive intervention can transform PCOD
from a hidden and stigmatized condition into a manageable
health concern, empowering young women to lead healthier
and more fulfilling lives.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Design
This study adopted a cross-sectional, mixed-methods
survey design to investigate the physical, emotional, and
lifestyle-related burden of Polycystic Ovarian Disease
(PCOD) among young women. Both quantitative and
qualitative approaches were employed to provide a
comprehensive understanding of how PCOD influences
reproductive health, mental well-being, academic
performance, and daily functioning. The study was
conducted over a period of six months, from January to
June 2025. The research process consisted of two phases.
First, a systematic review of peer-reviewed journals, public
health databases, and scholarly articles was conducted to
contextualize the existing knowledge on PCOD in
adolescent and young adult populations. Second, an
empirical survey was carried out using a structured online
questionnaire designed to capture menstrual irregularities,
lifestyle patterns, mental health concerns, awareness levels,
and health-seeking behaviour. The survey was distributed
to undergraduate and postgraduate female students in the
Vizianagaram district.
Participants and Data Collection
Participants were recruited through random stratified
sampling to ensure proportional representation across
different academic disciplines at Maharaja’s Autonomous
College and other affiliated institutions in Vizianagaram.
Eligible participants were female students aged between 17
and 25 years who were currently enrolled in undergraduate
or postgraduate programs and who voluntarily provided
informed consent. Students with chronic hormonal
disorders unrelated to PCOD, such as thyroiditis, Cushing’s
syndrome, or adrenal dysfunction, and those undergoing
hormonal treatment for conditions not associated with
PCOD were excluded from the study. Data collection was
carried out through a digital survey hosted on Google
Forms, which was disseminated via institutional email lists,
academic WhatsApp groups, and in-person awareness
campaigns on campus. Participation remained anonymous,
and students were informed of their right to withdraw at
any stage without consequence.
Survey Instrument and Evaluation Metrics
The survey instrument consisted of a structured
questionnaire that was designed to explore multiple
domains of PCOD burden. The tool incorporated both
closed-ended questions, including Likert-scale and
multiple-choice items, as well as open-ended questions to
allow for qualitative insights. Demographic information
was collected, including age, academic department, and
year of study. Menstrual and reproductive health variables
included age at menarche, menstrual cycle regularity,
diagnosis of PCOD, and diagnostic method, such as clinical
evaluation, ultrasound, or hormonal assays. Lifestyle
variables were assessed through items on dietary practices,
sleep duration, physical activity frequency, and average
screen time. Mental health indicators focused on stress
levels, anxiety symptoms, mood fluctuations, and academic
disruptions attributable to PCOD. The final component of
the survey explored awareness and health-seeking
behaviour, including knowledge of PCOD, primary sources
of information, previous medical consultations, and
attitudes toward reproductive health.
Data Analysis and Statistical Methods
Quantitative data were analysed using Microsoft Excel and
IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0. Descriptive statistics,
including means, standard deviations, and frequency
distributions, were generated to summarize the
demographic characteristics of participants as well as the
prevalence and symptomatology of PCOD. Inferential
analyses included chi-square tests to examine associations
between categorical variables such as exercise frequency
and PCOD diagnosis, while independent sample t-tests
were conducted to compare psychological health outcomes
and academic performance between participants with and
without PCOD. Pearson’s correlation analysis was
employed to measure the strength and direction of
associations between lifestyle variables, such as sleep
duration, dietary habits, and body mass index, with the
severity of PCOD symptoms. Qualitative data derived from
open-ended responses were analysed using thematic
analysis. Responses were coded and categorized into
themes related to awareness gaps, stigma, lived
www.ijzab.com 169
improving awareness, symptom control, and quality of life
among female students (Das & Menon, 2022; Narayan &
Bose, 2024). Such approaches demonstrate that
interdisciplinary and community-based strategies can
effectively complement biomedical care in reducing the
burden of PCOD. In conclusion, PCOD is not only an
endocrine disorder but also a lifestyle and public health
issue that disproportionately affects adolescents and young
women. Its prevalence is rising due to changing lifestyle
habits and limited awareness, while its impacts extend
across physical health, mental well-being, academic
performance, and social participation. Despite its growing
significance, research continues to underrepresent the lived
experiences of college-aged women, particularly in semi-
urban and rural India. Addressing this gap requires cross-
disciplinary approaches that integrate reproductive biology,
lifestyle modification, and public health education. By
targeting young women in academic environments through
structured wellness programs, awareness initiatives, and
digital tools, it is possible to reduce stigma, promote early
diagnosis, and improve overall quality of life. Ultimately,
timely and inclusive intervention can transform PCOD
from a hidden and stigmatized condition into a manageable
health concern, empowering young women to lead healthier
and more fulfilling lives.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Design
This study adopted a cross-sectional, mixed-methods
survey design to investigate the physical, emotional, and
lifestyle-related burden of Polycystic Ovarian Disease
(PCOD) among young women. Both quantitative and
qualitative approaches were employed to provide a
comprehensive understanding of how PCOD influences
reproductive health, mental well-being, academic
performance, and daily functioning. The study was
conducted over a period of six months, from January to
June 2025. The research process consisted of two phases.
First, a systematic review of peer-reviewed journals, public
health databases, and scholarly articles was conducted to
contextualize the existing knowledge on PCOD in
adolescent and young adult populations. Second, an
empirical survey was carried out using a structured online
questionnaire designed to capture menstrual irregularities,
lifestyle patterns, mental health concerns, awareness levels,
and health-seeking behaviour. The survey was distributed
to undergraduate and postgraduate female students in the
Vizianagaram district.
Participants and Data Collection
Participants were recruited through random stratified
sampling to ensure proportional representation across
different academic disciplines at Maharaja’s Autonomous
College and other affiliated institutions in Vizianagaram.
Eligible participants were female students aged between 17
and 25 years who were currently enrolled in undergraduate
or postgraduate programs and who voluntarily provided
informed consent. Students with chronic hormonal
disorders unrelated to PCOD, such as thyroiditis, Cushing’s
syndrome, or adrenal dysfunction, and those undergoing
hormonal treatment for conditions not associated with
PCOD were excluded from the study. Data collection was
carried out through a digital survey hosted on Google
Forms, which was disseminated via institutional email lists,
academic WhatsApp groups, and in-person awareness
campaigns on campus. Participation remained anonymous,
and students were informed of their right to withdraw at
any stage without consequence.
Survey Instrument and Evaluation Metrics
The survey instrument consisted of a structured
questionnaire that was designed to explore multiple
domains of PCOD burden. The tool incorporated both
closed-ended questions, including Likert-scale and
multiple-choice items, as well as open-ended questions to
allow for qualitative insights. Demographic information
was collected, including age, academic department, and
year of study. Menstrual and reproductive health variables
included age at menarche, menstrual cycle regularity,
diagnosis of PCOD, and diagnostic method, such as clinical
evaluation, ultrasound, or hormonal assays. Lifestyle
variables were assessed through items on dietary practices,
sleep duration, physical activity frequency, and average
screen time. Mental health indicators focused on stress
levels, anxiety symptoms, mood fluctuations, and academic
disruptions attributable to PCOD. The final component of
the survey explored awareness and health-seeking
behaviour, including knowledge of PCOD, primary sources
of information, previous medical consultations, and
attitudes toward reproductive health.
Data Analysis and Statistical Methods
Quantitative data were analysed using Microsoft Excel and
IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0. Descriptive statistics,
including means, standard deviations, and frequency
distributions, were generated to summarize the
demographic characteristics of participants as well as the
prevalence and symptomatology of PCOD. Inferential
analyses included chi-square tests to examine associations
between categorical variables such as exercise frequency
and PCOD diagnosis, while independent sample t-tests
were conducted to compare psychological health outcomes
and academic performance between participants with and
without PCOD. Pearson’s correlation analysis was
employed to measure the strength and direction of
associations between lifestyle variables, such as sleep
duration, dietary habits, and body mass index, with the
severity of PCOD symptoms. Qualitative data derived from
open-ended responses were analysed using thematic
analysis. Responses were coded and categorized into
themes related to awareness gaps, stigma, lived
Gopal Anapana et al. Int. J. Zool. Appl. Biosci., 10(5), 167-175, 2025
www.ijzab.com 170
experiences, and treatment barriers, allowing for integration
of subjective perspectives into the findings.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 308 female students participated in the study,
with a mean age of 19.8 years, and the majority falling
within the 17–25 years age range (Table 1). Heights ranged
between 140–185 cm and weights between 35–100 kg.
Some data required normalization prior to calculating Body
Mass Index (BMI), a step also emphasized in similar
survey-based studies where non-standard entries affected
anthropometric analysis (Patel and Verma, 2022). Such
demographic distributions are consistent with other Indian
studies conducted on college students (Rani et al., 2021),
indicating a representative sample of young women in this
academic context.
Table 1. Participant Demographics.
Variable Value / Distribution
Sample Size 308 students
Age (mean) ~19.8 years
Age Range 17 - 25 years
Height (mean) ~157 cm
Weight (mean) ~50 kg
The mean age of menarche was 12.9 years, and 20.5% of
participants reported irregular menstrual cycles, while
79.5% reported regularity (Table 2, Figure 1). The reported
prevalence of irregular menstruation aligns with earlier
work by Nair et al. (2020), who found that 21–23% of
young Indian women reported cycle irregularities during
college years. Severe dysmenorrhea (19.8%), missed
periods (17.5%), and heavy bleeding (10.1%) were among
the most common symptoms (Table 2, Figure 2). These
findings mirror the results of Kalra and Bharti (2020), who
observed that menstrual pain and irregularity often co-
occurred in Indian adolescents, directly influencing quality
of life. The presence of multiple concurrent symptoms in
our sample suggests a hidden burden of PCOD-like
manifestations even among those not formally diagnosed.
Table 2. Menstrual Profile.
Variable Category Frequency (%)
Menstrual Regularity Regular 79.5%
Irregular 20.5%
Age at Menarche (mean) ~12.9 years
Common Symptoms
Severe pain 19.8%
Heavy bleeding 10.1%
Irregular periods 20.5%
Missed periods 15%
None 5%
With respect to PCOD diagnosis, only 14.3% reported
having been formally diagnosed, 68.8% reported no
diagnosis, and 16.9% were unsure of their status (Table 3,
Figure 3). Among those symptomatic, 54.9% relied on self-
diagnosis, while only 27.9% consulted a doctor, and a mere
17.2% had confirmation via ultrasound or blood tests.
These results reveal a concerning pattern: students
primarily rely on informal means of diagnosis rather than
professional medical evaluation. Similar diagnostic gaps
have been reported in Indian contexts by Singh and Yadav
(2021), who noted that normalization of menstrual
irregularities and cultural stigma prevent timely diagnosis.
Globally, Rizk et al. (2021) found that women with PCOD
often face delays of more than two years from onset of
symptoms to clinical confirmation. The present findings
reinforce that diagnostic delays are not unique to India but
a worldwide issue exacerbated by stigma and lack of
reproductive health literacy. The time from symptom onset
to diagnosis in this study also reflects such barriers. Nearly
45.1% of symptomatic respondents were still undiagnosed
at the time of survey, while 24.4% received a diagnosis
within six months, 17.2% within a year, and 13.3% after
more than a year (Table 3). This delayed or absent
diagnostic trend is consistent with Jain et al. (2021), who
observed that college students frequently defer seeking
medical help due to embarrassment and reliance on peers or
social media for health advice. The reliance on informal
diagnosis pathways points to the urgent need for accessible
campus-based screening and counselling programs.
www.ijzab.com 170
experiences, and treatment barriers, allowing for integration
of subjective perspectives into the findings.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 308 female students participated in the study,
with a mean age of 19.8 years, and the majority falling
within the 17–25 years age range (Table 1). Heights ranged
between 140–185 cm and weights between 35–100 kg.
Some data required normalization prior to calculating Body
Mass Index (BMI), a step also emphasized in similar
survey-based studies where non-standard entries affected
anthropometric analysis (Patel and Verma, 2022). Such
demographic distributions are consistent with other Indian
studies conducted on college students (Rani et al., 2021),
indicating a representative sample of young women in this
academic context.
Table 1. Participant Demographics.
Variable Value / Distribution
Sample Size 308 students
Age (mean) ~19.8 years
Age Range 17 - 25 years
Height (mean) ~157 cm
Weight (mean) ~50 kg
The mean age of menarche was 12.9 years, and 20.5% of
participants reported irregular menstrual cycles, while
79.5% reported regularity (Table 2, Figure 1). The reported
prevalence of irregular menstruation aligns with earlier
work by Nair et al. (2020), who found that 21–23% of
young Indian women reported cycle irregularities during
college years. Severe dysmenorrhea (19.8%), missed
periods (17.5%), and heavy bleeding (10.1%) were among
the most common symptoms (Table 2, Figure 2). These
findings mirror the results of Kalra and Bharti (2020), who
observed that menstrual pain and irregularity often co-
occurred in Indian adolescents, directly influencing quality
of life. The presence of multiple concurrent symptoms in
our sample suggests a hidden burden of PCOD-like
manifestations even among those not formally diagnosed.
Table 2. Menstrual Profile.
Variable Category Frequency (%)
Menstrual Regularity Regular 79.5%
Irregular 20.5%
Age at Menarche (mean) ~12.9 years
Common Symptoms
Severe pain 19.8%
Heavy bleeding 10.1%
Irregular periods 20.5%
Missed periods 15%
None 5%
With respect to PCOD diagnosis, only 14.3% reported
having been formally diagnosed, 68.8% reported no
diagnosis, and 16.9% were unsure of their status (Table 3,
Figure 3). Among those symptomatic, 54.9% relied on self-
diagnosis, while only 27.9% consulted a doctor, and a mere
17.2% had confirmation via ultrasound or blood tests.
These results reveal a concerning pattern: students
primarily rely on informal means of diagnosis rather than
professional medical evaluation. Similar diagnostic gaps
have been reported in Indian contexts by Singh and Yadav
(2021), who noted that normalization of menstrual
irregularities and cultural stigma prevent timely diagnosis.
Globally, Rizk et al. (2021) found that women with PCOD
often face delays of more than two years from onset of
symptoms to clinical confirmation. The present findings
reinforce that diagnostic delays are not unique to India but
a worldwide issue exacerbated by stigma and lack of
reproductive health literacy. The time from symptom onset
to diagnosis in this study also reflects such barriers. Nearly
45.1% of symptomatic respondents were still undiagnosed
at the time of survey, while 24.4% received a diagnosis
within six months, 17.2% within a year, and 13.3% after
more than a year (Table 3). This delayed or absent
diagnostic trend is consistent with Jain et al. (2021), who
observed that college students frequently defer seeking
medical help due to embarrassment and reliance on peers or
social media for health advice. The reliance on informal
diagnosis pathways points to the urgent need for accessible
campus-based screening and counselling programs.
Gopal Anapana et al. Int. J. Zool. Appl. Biosci., 10(5), 167-175, 2025
www.ijzab.com 171
Table 3. PCOD Diagnosis and Management.
Variable Category Frequency (%)
PCOD Diagnosis Status
Diagnosed 14.3%
Not Diagnosed 68.8%
Not Sure 16.9%
Diagnosis Method
Doctor’s clinical evaluation 27.9%
Self-diagnosis 54.9%
Ultrasound scan/blood tests 17.2%
Treatment Yes 10%
No 90%
Symptom to Diagnosis Time
Still undiagnosed 45.1%
<6 months 24.4%
6–12 months 17.2%
>1 year 13.3%
Lifestyle patterns revealed mixed trends, with 31.8%
exercising daily, 27.3% exercising 3–5 times per week,
32.1% exercising only occasionally, and 8.8% not
exercising at all (Table 4). Dietary analysis showed that
38.6% reported balanced diets, while 27.9% admitted to a
diet dominated by junk food or irregular meals (Figure 4).
Sleep duration was moderate in most respondents, with
62.3% reporting 6–7 hours of rest per night, 27.6%
reporting 8 or more hours, and 10.1% less than 5 hours
(Figure 5). These lifestyle trends are directly comparable
with findings by Goyal et al. (2020), who reported that
Indian students consuming high-carbohydrate diets and
engaging in low physical activity were significantly more
likely to present PCOD symptoms. International research
also supports these observations, with Moran et al. (2020)
showing that lifestyle interventions, particularly exercise
and dietary management, are among the most effective
strategies for improving metabolic and reproductive
outcomes in PCOD patients.
Table 4. Lifestyle Patterns.
Lifestyle Factor Category Frequency (%)
Exercise
Daily 31.8%
3-5 times per week 27.3%
Occasionally 42.1%
None 8.8%
Diet
Balanced and healthy 38.6%
Somewhat balanced 33.5%
Mostly junk food/irregular meals 27.9%
Sleep
<5 hours 10.1%
6–7 hours 62.3%
8 or more hours 27.6%
Stress/Anxiety
None 30%
Rarely 40%
Occasionally/Frequently 30%
The psychosocial and educational consequences of PCOD
were evident in this study. About 30.1% of respondents
reported missing classes due to PCOD-related discomfort,
and 28.2% avoided consulting a doctor despite
experiencing symptoms (Table 5). These findings are
consistent with Rani et al. (2021), who observed that
PCOD symptoms frequently disrupted academic
concentration and attendance. Similarly, Chauhan et al.
(2023) highlighted that stigma and lack of institutional
support often discourage students from seeking medical
help, resulting in worsening academic and emotional
outcomes. The 30% of students in our study who expressed
concern about their future fertility further underscore the
anxiety associated with reproductive uncertainty, a trend
also reported by Kumar and Devi (2023). Cultural
perspectives on childbearing were indirectly reflected in
responses regarding fertility concerns. While not explicitly
a part of the survey design, the preference among some
participants for early childbearing due to fears of infertility
echoes findings by Bhatia and Shrestha (2021), who
www.ijzab.com 171
Table 3. PCOD Diagnosis and Management.
Variable Category Frequency (%)
PCOD Diagnosis Status
Diagnosed 14.3%
Not Diagnosed 68.8%
Not Sure 16.9%
Diagnosis Method
Doctor’s clinical evaluation 27.9%
Self-diagnosis 54.9%
Ultrasound scan/blood tests 17.2%
Treatment Yes 10%
No 90%
Symptom to Diagnosis Time
Still undiagnosed 45.1%
<6 months 24.4%
6–12 months 17.2%
>1 year 13.3%
Lifestyle patterns revealed mixed trends, with 31.8%
exercising daily, 27.3% exercising 3–5 times per week,
32.1% exercising only occasionally, and 8.8% not
exercising at all (Table 4). Dietary analysis showed that
38.6% reported balanced diets, while 27.9% admitted to a
diet dominated by junk food or irregular meals (Figure 4).
Sleep duration was moderate in most respondents, with
62.3% reporting 6–7 hours of rest per night, 27.6%
reporting 8 or more hours, and 10.1% less than 5 hours
(Figure 5). These lifestyle trends are directly comparable
with findings by Goyal et al. (2020), who reported that
Indian students consuming high-carbohydrate diets and
engaging in low physical activity were significantly more
likely to present PCOD symptoms. International research
also supports these observations, with Moran et al. (2020)
showing that lifestyle interventions, particularly exercise
and dietary management, are among the most effective
strategies for improving metabolic and reproductive
outcomes in PCOD patients.
Table 4. Lifestyle Patterns.
Lifestyle Factor Category Frequency (%)
Exercise
Daily 31.8%
3-5 times per week 27.3%
Occasionally 42.1%
None 8.8%
Diet
Balanced and healthy 38.6%
Somewhat balanced 33.5%
Mostly junk food/irregular meals 27.9%
Sleep
<5 hours 10.1%
6–7 hours 62.3%
8 or more hours 27.6%
Stress/Anxiety
None 30%
Rarely 40%
Occasionally/Frequently 30%
The psychosocial and educational consequences of PCOD
were evident in this study. About 30.1% of respondents
reported missing classes due to PCOD-related discomfort,
and 28.2% avoided consulting a doctor despite
experiencing symptoms (Table 5). These findings are
consistent with Rani et al. (2021), who observed that
PCOD symptoms frequently disrupted academic
concentration and attendance. Similarly, Chauhan et al.
(2023) highlighted that stigma and lack of institutional
support often discourage students from seeking medical
help, resulting in worsening academic and emotional
outcomes. The 30% of students in our study who expressed
concern about their future fertility further underscore the
anxiety associated with reproductive uncertainty, a trend
also reported by Kumar and Devi (2023). Cultural
perspectives on childbearing were indirectly reflected in
responses regarding fertility concerns. While not explicitly
a part of the survey design, the preference among some
participants for early childbearing due to fears of infertility
echoes findings by Bhatia and Shrestha (2021), who
Gopal Anapana et al. Int. J. Zool. Appl. Biosci., 10(5), 167-175, 2025
www.ijzab.com 172
documented strong cultural links between marriage,
fertility expectations, and women’s self-worth in South
Asian contexts. At the same time, a significant proportion
of our participants emphasized academic and career
priorities, reflecting the gradual generational shift also
reported by Singh and Agarwal (2020), where young
women increasingly delay childbearing in favour of
education and self-development. The recognition of yoga as
a supportive intervention by 52.6% of respondents in this
study is noteworthy. This aligns with the findings of Nidhi
et al. (2021), who demonstrated significant improvements
in ovulatory cycles and hormonal regulation among
adolescents practicing yoga. Narayan and Bose (2024)
similarly emphasized the utility of yoga and lifestyle
counselling as accessible, low-cost strategies for PCOD
management in Indian youth. However, the fact that nearly
half of our respondents were unsure or sceptical about
yoga’s benefits suggests persistent gaps in awareness and
the need for evidence-based education about holistic
management approaches.
Table 5. Educational and Emotional Impact.
Impact Variable Yes (%) No (%)
Avoided Doctor Despite Symptoms 28.2% 71.8%
Missed College Due to Symptoms 30.1% 69.9%
Worried About Future Fertility 30% 70%
Overall, the study highlights that while a large proportion
of young women experience PCOD-like symptoms,
diagnosis remains limited and often self-reported, with
significant impacts on lifestyle, psychological health, and
academic performance. The findings strongly align with
existing national and international literature, reinforcing
that PCOD is not only a clinical issue but also a socio-
cultural and educational challenge. Tables 1–5 and Figures
1–5 illustrate the breadth of findings, which collectively
underscore the urgent need for integrated public health
approaches. Institutional interventions such as reproductive
health literacy programs, accessible diagnostic services,
structured wellness activities, and stigma reduction
strategies must be prioritized. These results contribute to
the growing body of literature that calls for youth-centred
reproductive health policies, emphasizing prevention,
awareness, and holistic care as essential to mitigating the
long-term consequences of PCOD in young women.
Figure 1. Distribution of participants based on the regularity of their menstrual cycle.
www.ijzab.com 172
documented strong cultural links between marriage,
fertility expectations, and women’s self-worth in South
Asian contexts. At the same time, a significant proportion
of our participants emphasized academic and career
priorities, reflecting the gradual generational shift also
reported by Singh and Agarwal (2020), where young
women increasingly delay childbearing in favour of
education and self-development. The recognition of yoga as
a supportive intervention by 52.6% of respondents in this
study is noteworthy. This aligns with the findings of Nidhi
et al. (2021), who demonstrated significant improvements
in ovulatory cycles and hormonal regulation among
adolescents practicing yoga. Narayan and Bose (2024)
similarly emphasized the utility of yoga and lifestyle
counselling as accessible, low-cost strategies for PCOD
management in Indian youth. However, the fact that nearly
half of our respondents were unsure or sceptical about
yoga’s benefits suggests persistent gaps in awareness and
the need for evidence-based education about holistic
management approaches.
Table 5. Educational and Emotional Impact.
Impact Variable Yes (%) No (%)
Avoided Doctor Despite Symptoms 28.2% 71.8%
Missed College Due to Symptoms 30.1% 69.9%
Worried About Future Fertility 30% 70%
Overall, the study highlights that while a large proportion
of young women experience PCOD-like symptoms,
diagnosis remains limited and often self-reported, with
significant impacts on lifestyle, psychological health, and
academic performance. The findings strongly align with
existing national and international literature, reinforcing
that PCOD is not only a clinical issue but also a socio-
cultural and educational challenge. Tables 1–5 and Figures
1–5 illustrate the breadth of findings, which collectively
underscore the urgent need for integrated public health
approaches. Institutional interventions such as reproductive
health literacy programs, accessible diagnostic services,
structured wellness activities, and stigma reduction
strategies must be prioritized. These results contribute to
the growing body of literature that calls for youth-centred
reproductive health policies, emphasizing prevention,
awareness, and holistic care as essential to mitigating the
long-term consequences of PCOD in young women.
Figure 1. Distribution of participants based on the regularity of their menstrual cycle.
Gopal Anapana et al. Int. J. Zool. Appl. Biosci., 10(5), 167-175, 2025
www.ijzab.com 173
Figure 2. Prevalence of common symptoms experienced during menstruation among respondents.
Figure 3. Self-reported diagnosis of PCOD/PCOS among participants.
Figure 4. Participants’ dietary habits categorized by daily food intake patterns.
www.ijzab.com 173
Figure 2. Prevalence of common symptoms experienced during menstruation among respondents.
Figure 3. Self-reported diagnosis of PCOD/PCOS among participants.
Figure 4. Participants’ dietary habits categorized by daily food intake patterns.
Gopal Anapana et al. Int. J. Zool. Appl. Biosci., 10(5), 167-175, 2025
www.ijzab.com 174
Figure 5. Average duration of daily sleep reported by respondents.
CONCLUSION
This study underscores the growing prevalence and
multidimensional impact of Polycystic Ovarian Disease
(PCOD) among young women, particularly in academic
settings where physical, psychological, and lifestyle-related
factors intersect with educational challenges. Despite
moderate awareness of reproductive health risks, a
significant proportion of respondents remain undiagnosed
or rely on self-diagnosis, reflecting critical gaps in health
literacy, medical access, and structured support systems.
Our findings confirm that lifestyle factors such as poor
dietary habits, irregular sleep patterns, physical inactivity,
and unmanaged stress are strongly correlated with the
severity of PCOD symptoms, while the psychological and
academic disruptions reported by students highlight the
silent yet substantial burden this condition imposes on daily
life. The disconnect between symptom recognition and
medical engagement emphasizes the need for urgent
reforms in reproductive health education, institutional
support mechanisms, and access to professional care. While
digital platforms have broadened access to information,
reliance on unverified sources continues to foster
misinformation and delayed treatment-seeking. Addressing
PCOD, therefore, requires more than clinical interventions;
it calls for a holistic, multidisciplinary approach that
integrates lifestyle counselling, mental health support, and
institutional health policies alongside medical management.
Future strategies must prioritize early education through
curriculum integration of reproductive health modules,
regular on-campus workshops with interdisciplinary health
professionals, and the deployment of technology-driven
awareness initiatives such as AI-based menstrual health
trackers and targeted media campaigns. Policy-level
interventions should strengthen collaborations between
academic institutions and public health departments to
provide affordable or free screening, counselling, and
gynaecological services, particularly in underserved
regions. By empowering young women with accurate
knowledge, accessible healthcare services, and supportive
environments, we can shift from reactive treatment to
preventive strategies, thereby enhancing not only fertility
outcomes but also the overall quality of life and academic
success of women during their most formative years.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The research team sincerely acknowledges the support
provided by the Department of Zoology at Maharajah’s
Autonomous College, Vizianagaram and the Department of
Zoology, Sir. C. R. Reddy College for Women, Eluru. We
are deeply grateful to the students who participated in the
survey. Their candid responses and willingness to share
personal experiences made it possible to examine the lived
realities of young women managing menstrual
irregularities. Special thanks are also extended to the
educational institutions in Vizianagaram that facilitated
data collection and encouraged student-centred research
initiatives. Their collaboration reflects a strong
commitment to fostering undergraduate scholarships and
inquiry.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare no conflict of interest
ETHICS APPROVAL
This research did not involve any clinical experimentation
or invasive procedures. As a social science-based survey
study, ethical concerns were minimal. The participants
www.ijzab.com 174
Figure 5. Average duration of daily sleep reported by respondents.
CONCLUSION
This study underscores the growing prevalence and
multidimensional impact of Polycystic Ovarian Disease
(PCOD) among young women, particularly in academic
settings where physical, psychological, and lifestyle-related
factors intersect with educational challenges. Despite
moderate awareness of reproductive health risks, a
significant proportion of respondents remain undiagnosed
or rely on self-diagnosis, reflecting critical gaps in health
literacy, medical access, and structured support systems.
Our findings confirm that lifestyle factors such as poor
dietary habits, irregular sleep patterns, physical inactivity,
and unmanaged stress are strongly correlated with the
severity of PCOD symptoms, while the psychological and
academic disruptions reported by students highlight the
silent yet substantial burden this condition imposes on daily
life. The disconnect between symptom recognition and
medical engagement emphasizes the need for urgent
reforms in reproductive health education, institutional
support mechanisms, and access to professional care. While
digital platforms have broadened access to information,
reliance on unverified sources continues to foster
misinformation and delayed treatment-seeking. Addressing
PCOD, therefore, requires more than clinical interventions;
it calls for a holistic, multidisciplinary approach that
integrates lifestyle counselling, mental health support, and
institutional health policies alongside medical management.
Future strategies must prioritize early education through
curriculum integration of reproductive health modules,
regular on-campus workshops with interdisciplinary health
professionals, and the deployment of technology-driven
awareness initiatives such as AI-based menstrual health
trackers and targeted media campaigns. Policy-level
interventions should strengthen collaborations between
academic institutions and public health departments to
provide affordable or free screening, counselling, and
gynaecological services, particularly in underserved
regions. By empowering young women with accurate
knowledge, accessible healthcare services, and supportive
environments, we can shift from reactive treatment to
preventive strategies, thereby enhancing not only fertility
outcomes but also the overall quality of life and academic
success of women during their most formative years.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The research team sincerely acknowledges the support
provided by the Department of Zoology at Maharajah’s
Autonomous College, Vizianagaram and the Department of
Zoology, Sir. C. R. Reddy College for Women, Eluru. We
are deeply grateful to the students who participated in the
survey. Their candid responses and willingness to share
personal experiences made it possible to examine the lived
realities of young women managing menstrual
irregularities. Special thanks are also extended to the
educational institutions in Vizianagaram that facilitated
data collection and encouraged student-centred research
initiatives. Their collaboration reflects a strong
commitment to fostering undergraduate scholarships and
inquiry.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare no conflict of interest
ETHICS APPROVAL
This research did not involve any clinical experimentation
or invasive procedures. As a social science-based survey
study, ethical concerns were minimal. The participants
Gopal Anapana et al. Int. J. Zool. Appl. Biosci., 10(5), 167-175, 2025
www.ijzab.com 175
were fully informed of the study's objectives, and verbal
consent was obtained before participation. No identifying
or sensitive personal information was collected.
FUNDING
This study received no specific funding from public,
commercial, or not-for-profit funding agencies.
AI TOOL DECLARATION
The authors declare that no AI and related tools are used to
write the scientific content of this manuscript.
DATA AVAILABILITY
Data will be available on request
REFERENCES
Azziz, R., Carmina, E., & Chen, Z. (2020). Polycystic
ovary syndrome. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1),
41. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-0184-3
Bhattacharya, S., & Jha, R. (2020). PCOD and the invisible
burden on college students: An Indian perspective. Asian
Journal of Reproductive Health, 14(3), 85–92.
Bhatia, R., & Shrestha, K. (2021). Trends in fertility
planning among Indian and Nepali college students.
South Asian Journal of Population Health, 9(1), 56–62.
Chauhan, M., Singh, T., & Das, R. (2023). Impact of
lifestyle on the onset of PCOS among adolescents: A
meta-review. Journal of Adolescent Health Research,
8(1), 34–42.
Das, S., & Menon, A. (2022). Yoga and lifestyle
interventions in PCOD: A campus-based study. Indian
Journal of Preventive Medicine, 15(2), 78–85.
Dokras, A., Stener-Victorin, E., Yildiz, B. O., Li, R., Ottey,
S., & Shah, D. (2015). Androgen excess and polycystic
ovary syndrome in women: Updated evidence. Fertility
and Sterility, 104(4), 943–949.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.001
Goyal, M., Rathi, S., & Mehta, P. (2020). Sedentary
lifestyle and dietary patterns among PCOD patients in
North India. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism,
7(4), 145–152.
Jain, R., Sinha, P., & Varma, S. (2021). Delayed diagnosis
of PCOS in Indian adolescents: A college-based analysis.
Journal of Clinical Adolescent Health, 9(2), 67–72.
Kalra, S., & Bharti, N. (2020). Psychological impact of
PCOS in Indian college girls. Indian Journal of
Endocrinology and Metabolism, 24(3), 246–251.
Kaur, R., & Sharma, P. (2021). Prevalence of PCOS in
young women in India: A review. International Journal
of Reproductive Health, 19(1), 50–58.
Kumar, N., & Devi, M. (2023). Health literacy and fertility
awareness among college students. Journal of
Reproductive Education, 5(1), 33–41.
Lim, R., Huang, J. C., Lau, R., & Moran, L. J. (2012). A
systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of
lifestyle modification on metabolic and reproductive
outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Human Reproduction Update, 18(2), 138–152.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmr051
Mishra, A., Roy, S., & Jaiswal, V. (2024). Socio-cultural
barriers in seeking PCOS treatment among rural students.
Asian Journal of Women's Health, 10(1), 101–108.
Moran, L. J., Pasquali, R., Teede, H. J., Hoeger, K. M., &
Norman, R. J. (2020). Lifestyle management in women
with PCOS: International evidence-based guideline.
Human Reproduction Update, 26(4), 540–557.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmaa010
Nair, A., Menon, R., & Sreeja, M. (2020). Menstrual
abnormalities in young women: A study in Kerala.
International Journal of Gynecology and Health, 12(3),
58–65.
Narayan, S., & Bose, A. (2024). Lifestyle epidemiology of
PCOS: Emerging strategies. Journal of Lifestyle
Medicine, 6(2), 91–100.
Nidhi, R., Nagarathna, R., & Padmalatha, V. (2021).
Effects of yoga on endocrine and psychological
parameters in adolescents with PCOS. Journal of
Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 27(3), 195–
202. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2020.0251.
Patel, D., & Verma, K. (2022). Dietary habits and PCOS in
college women: A cross-sectional study. Nutrition and
Health Research, 7(3), 134–140.
Rani, R., Joseph, M., & Iqbal, S. (2021). PCOS and
academic performance: An overlooked connection.
Journal of College Health Studies, 13(2), 87–94.
Rao, A., Sinha, R., & Thomas, M. (2022). PCOD
awareness and healthcare accessibility in Indian
educational institutions. Reproductive Health Reports,
11(1), 31–39.
Rizk, R., et al. (2021). Global gaps in PCOS diagnosis: A
systematic review. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12,
683980. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.683980
Singh, G., & Agarwal, P. (2020). Changing perspectives on
marriage and reproduction among Indian students. Indian
Journal of Social Health, 8(1), 45–53.
Singh, G., & Yadav, R. (2021). Awareness of PCOS among
college students in northern India. Journal of Community
Health Promotion, 6(4), 299–306.
Teede, H. J., et al. (2018). Recommendations from the
international evidence-based guideline for the assessment
and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility
and Sterility, 110(3), 364–379.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.004.
www.ijzab.com 175
were fully informed of the study's objectives, and verbal
consent was obtained before participation. No identifying
or sensitive personal information was collected.
FUNDING
This study received no specific funding from public,
commercial, or not-for-profit funding agencies.
AI TOOL DECLARATION
The authors declare that no AI and related tools are used to
write the scientific content of this manuscript.
DATA AVAILABILITY
Data will be available on request
REFERENCES
Azziz, R., Carmina, E., & Chen, Z. (2020). Polycystic
ovary syndrome. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1),
41. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-0184-3
Bhattacharya, S., & Jha, R. (2020). PCOD and the invisible
burden on college students: An Indian perspective. Asian
Journal of Reproductive Health, 14(3), 85–92.
Bhatia, R., & Shrestha, K. (2021). Trends in fertility
planning among Indian and Nepali college students.
South Asian Journal of Population Health, 9(1), 56–62.
Chauhan, M., Singh, T., & Das, R. (2023). Impact of
lifestyle on the onset of PCOS among adolescents: A
meta-review. Journal of Adolescent Health Research,
8(1), 34–42.
Das, S., & Menon, A. (2022). Yoga and lifestyle
interventions in PCOD: A campus-based study. Indian
Journal of Preventive Medicine, 15(2), 78–85.
Dokras, A., Stener-Victorin, E., Yildiz, B. O., Li, R., Ottey,
S., & Shah, D. (2015). Androgen excess and polycystic
ovary syndrome in women: Updated evidence. Fertility
and Sterility, 104(4), 943–949.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.001
Goyal, M., Rathi, S., & Mehta, P. (2020). Sedentary
lifestyle and dietary patterns among PCOD patients in
North India. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism,
7(4), 145–152.
Jain, R., Sinha, P., & Varma, S. (2021). Delayed diagnosis
of PCOS in Indian adolescents: A college-based analysis.
Journal of Clinical Adolescent Health, 9(2), 67–72.
Kalra, S., & Bharti, N. (2020). Psychological impact of
PCOS in Indian college girls. Indian Journal of
Endocrinology and Metabolism, 24(3), 246–251.
Kaur, R., & Sharma, P. (2021). Prevalence of PCOS in
young women in India: A review. International Journal
of Reproductive Health, 19(1), 50–58.
Kumar, N., & Devi, M. (2023). Health literacy and fertility
awareness among college students. Journal of
Reproductive Education, 5(1), 33–41.
Lim, R., Huang, J. C., Lau, R., & Moran, L. J. (2012). A
systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of
lifestyle modification on metabolic and reproductive
outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Human Reproduction Update, 18(2), 138–152.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmr051
Mishra, A., Roy, S., & Jaiswal, V. (2024). Socio-cultural
barriers in seeking PCOS treatment among rural students.
Asian Journal of Women's Health, 10(1), 101–108.
Moran, L. J., Pasquali, R., Teede, H. J., Hoeger, K. M., &
Norman, R. J. (2020). Lifestyle management in women
with PCOS: International evidence-based guideline.
Human Reproduction Update, 26(4), 540–557.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmaa010
Nair, A., Menon, R., & Sreeja, M. (2020). Menstrual
abnormalities in young women: A study in Kerala.
International Journal of Gynecology and Health, 12(3),
58–65.
Narayan, S., & Bose, A. (2024). Lifestyle epidemiology of
PCOS: Emerging strategies. Journal of Lifestyle
Medicine, 6(2), 91–100.
Nidhi, R., Nagarathna, R., & Padmalatha, V. (2021).
Effects of yoga on endocrine and psychological
parameters in adolescents with PCOS. Journal of
Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 27(3), 195–
202. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2020.0251.
Patel, D., & Verma, K. (2022). Dietary habits and PCOS in
college women: A cross-sectional study. Nutrition and
Health Research, 7(3), 134–140.
Rani, R., Joseph, M., & Iqbal, S. (2021). PCOS and
academic performance: An overlooked connection.
Journal of College Health Studies, 13(2), 87–94.
Rao, A., Sinha, R., & Thomas, M. (2022). PCOD
awareness and healthcare accessibility in Indian
educational institutions. Reproductive Health Reports,
11(1), 31–39.
Rizk, R., et al. (2021). Global gaps in PCOS diagnosis: A
systematic review. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12,
683980. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.683980
Singh, G., & Agarwal, P. (2020). Changing perspectives on
marriage and reproduction among Indian students. Indian
Journal of Social Health, 8(1), 45–53.
Singh, G., & Yadav, R. (2021). Awareness of PCOS among
college students in northern India. Journal of Community
Health Promotion, 6(4), 299–306.
Teede, H. J., et al. (2018). Recommendations from the
international evidence-based guideline for the assessment
and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility
and Sterility, 110(3), 364–379.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.004.