International
Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences |
ISSN: 2455-9571 |
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Volume 3, Issue 3, pp: 445-450, 2018 |
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Research Article |
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SEASONAL CHANGES IN PROXIMATE
COMPOSITION OF FOUR MAJOR
SUN DRIED FISHES OF SHEORAPHULI GOVERNMENT REGULATED
MARKET, WEST BENGAL, India 1*Rabindranath Kundu and 2Nachiketa
Bandyopadhyay 1Department of
Aquaculture Management and Technology, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal-
721102, India 2Sidho Kanho
Birsa University, Purulia-723104, West Bengal, India |
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Article History: Received
9th April 2018; Accepted 22nd May 2018; Published 13th
June 2018 |
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The present study was performed to understand the Seasonal Changes in
Proximate composition of four major dried fish species available throughout
the year at Sheoraphuli Government Regulated Market in the District of
Hooghly, West Bengal. The market was surveyed from June 2014 to May
2017 in four seasons each of three months. The samples were collected and
estimated the Protein, Lipid, Carbohydrate, Moisture, Ash content. The result of this
study revealed that mean percentage of protein, lipid, carbohydrate,
moisture and
ash content ranged from 69.57 to 48.45%., 7.98-3.17%, 1.15-4.22%, 40.00-14.73%, and 2.13 - 8.7%
respectively. The dried fish products available in the
Sheoraphuli Government Regulated Market were found to be nutritious. However,
the quality of fish collected in the Monsoon season was not in acceptable
limit for consumption. Therefore, care should be taken during storage.
Packaging may also be improved for better keeping quality to increase the
quality of the products. |
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INTRODUCTION
Fish is one of the widely available and
easy digestible animal proteins. According to Ravichandran et al.
(2012) for maintaining of healthy body fish protein is widely accepted. Curing
of fish is an ancient method of preservation in India that primarily involves
two stages viz, salting and drying (Sanjeev & Surendran, 1996). According to Jeya Shakila et al.
(2003) about 17% of the total fish catch is being used for dry fish production
in India. At present, about 1.4 million metric tons of
fish which is accounts for about 8.0% of the total world catch is cured and
utilized (FAO, 2000; Relekar et al., 2014). The dried fish industry has grown about 35.8% over the previous in
India. This ranks second to fresh fish consumption (Padiyar et al.,
2003) But some of the cases it does
not possible to get the standard quality of dried product due to traditional
types of processing and highly perishable nature. Now a day’s consumer make
sure the nutritional as well as biochemical quality of the product before
taking. Therefore
the present investigation was carried out in order to assess the proximate
value in different season of four major dried fish species available in
Sheoraphuli Government Regulated Market.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling
Samples from Sheoraphuli Market were
collected in each quarter (Jun - Aug, Sept - Nov, Dec - Feb and Mar - May) for
consecutive 3 years. Four most popular species of dry fishes namely Bombay duck
(Harpodon nehereus), Ruli (Coilia dussumieri) and Ribbon fish (Lepturacanthus
savala) and Phasa (Setipinna phasa)
were collected. Category of sample chosen for this study was dry fish sample as
they were available on that day. The samples were taken to the laboratory,
stored in air tight zipper bags at room temperature until biochemical investigations.
Sample Preparation
For
the analysis samples were taken accurately and each sample was crushed by mortar
and pastor. The samples were analyzed for protein, fat, moisture and ash and in
each case three replicas were maintained.
Estimation of Protein, Lipid, Moisture, Ash and Carbohydrate
The
usual Kjeldahl method was followed to determine the amount of protein in the
dried fish muscle and head portion of the body. Lipid content was estimated by
the Folch’s method through Soxhlet apparatus. Moisture was determined by drying the sample at + 105°C in an oven.
Ash
was determined by muffling the sample at 6000 –7000°C to dry ash. By
subtraction ash content was deter-mined (Mertens, 2005) The percentage of carbohydrate was
calculated by simply subtracts the total percentage of protein, fat, moisture
and ash from 100.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Sheoraphuli Governmet Regulated dry
fish market was situated at Nisterini Temple Road, Sheoraphuli under Baidyabati
Municipality under Chinsura Sub-division of Hooghly (Figure 1). Two minutes walking distance from Seoraphuli
Railway Station and on the way to Jetty ghat. Latitude: 22.776951 Longitudes: 88.329591.
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Figure 1. The study Area. |
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During 2000-2004 there was a big
organized market of Dry Fish. But after commencement of Egra Dry Fish market
this market became less popular. Only retail business done here now. Warehouses
of several middleman vis-a-vis Karbaris available here who take the contract of
supply and supplied accordingly from Egra and Kakdwip to North Bengal and outside
of Bengal. They are registered under Sheoraphuli RMC.
The proximate composition of four major
Dry fishes from Sheoraphuli market (Bombey duck, Ruli, Ribbon and Phasa) were estimated
at the laboratory and investigated the mean percentage of Protein, Lipid,
Carbohydrate, Moisture and Ash content (Figure 2, 3, 4 & 5).
In the present study, protein level
analyzed was 69.57 to 48.45%. According to Love, (1970) principle composition of fish
are 16-21% of protein, 0.2-5 % of carbohydrate and 66-81% of water. Rahaman et al. (1982) observed average 55.75-64.49%
protein in dried marine fishes. Gheyasuddin et al.
(1980) were found 79.32-85.49% protein
in dried fishes. The findings of this study showed that the average protein levels
obtained by dry fishes are very close with the previous studies. The lowest level
is very low due to protein denaturation in room temperature for 4-5
months. Because production has been
stopped in the month of March and the sample available in monsoon period was of
previous year. The protein content of the dry fishes were higher in Oct-Dec
that was mainly in winter season varied from 69.57 to 63.50% and showed a
lowest value in Apr-Jun that was Monsoon season varied from 48.45 to 62%. This
observation is supported by the findings of Siddique et al.,
(2012) which found highest value in
winter i.e. 57.03% and lowest in monsoon i.e. 52.44%.
The
mean percentage of lipid of four major Dry fishes (Bombey duck, Ruli, Ribbon
and Phasa) from Sheoraphuli Sub-market under Sheoraphuli RMC were done at
laboratory and were varied from 7.98- 3.17%. Bhuiyan, (1992) were observed
6.84-9.21% lipid in dried Bombey duck and Sin croaker. Rubbi et al. (1987) reported that
the lipid content ranging from 0.45-15.51% in dried marine fishes. In the
correlation matrix, it is found that lipid is negatively correlated with
moisture content (Table 1-4). The lipid content is highest in Jan-Mar i.e. late
winter season and lowest in Monsoon i.e. Apr - Jun, 7.98% and 3.17 %
respectively. Siddique (2011) also found the
similar result with Bombay duck, Sin croaker and Ribbon fish.
In the present study carbohydrate level
varied from 4.22 to 1.15%. Bhuiyan (1992) observed 0.2-0.88% carbohydrate
in dried Bombay duck and Sin croaker. Stirling, (1972) observed 1.0-12.5% of
carbohydrate in the liver of dried fish samples. Here carbohydrate content
found more in late winter season i.e. Jan to Mar and less in monsoon i.e. in
Apr-Jun. Siddique et al. (2012) also found the similar result
with Bombay duck, Sin croaker and Ribbon fish.
Moisture level in the analyzed sample
were found ranging from 40 - 14.73%. Bhuiyan, (1992) recorded 6.9 to 14.2% moisture in dried Bombay
duck and Sin croaker. The present study showed some sorts of dissimilarity in
observation as previous study were conducted on fresh fishes and they analyzed
the samples after drying. Therefore the moisture level was highly reduced. In
the present study I have collected dry fishes from market as available and did
not dried just before analyze. Sometimes processors did not dry the fishes
properly due to loss in weight. This might be another reason for obtaining the higher
values of moisture content in the samples. The moisture content in the samples
collected in the monsoon season showed higher amount of moisture because in the
monsoon season the average humidity is very high in West Bengal especially in
coastal West Bengal. Therefore the dried fishes absorbed more moisture from the
air and increase the moisture level. However these findings were supported by Siddique et al.
(2012) who found the same trends in
Bangladesh which is almost similar weather condition of West Bengal. In
correlation matrix it has found that moisture had a negative relation with
protein in every season.
In the present study the ash level of the
dry fishes varied from 8.70 - 2.13%. Gheyasuddin et al. (1980) found 4.56-9.98%
in some marine dried fish samples which is in close quarter with the present
study. The Ash content also found highest in late winter season compared to
others and lowest in monsoon which is supported by Siddique et al. (2012).
Figure 2. Proximate composition of Herpadon
neherius collected from Sheoraphuli Market.
Figure 3. Proximate composition of Coilia
dusumieri collected from Sheoraphuli Market.
Figure 4. Proximate composition of Lepturacanthus
savala collected from Sheoraphuli Market.
Figure 5. Proximate composition of Setipinna
phasa collected from Sheoraphuli Market.
Table 1. Correlation (r) between proximate compositions
of Herpadon neherius collected from Sheoraphuli Market
|
Content |
Protein |
Lipid |
Carbohydrate |
Moisture |
Ash |
|
Protein |
1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Lipid |
0.52 |
1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Carbohydrate |
0.88 |
0.80 |
1.00 |
- |
- |
|
Moisture |
-0.97 |
-0.72 |
-0.96 |
1.00 |
- |
|
Ash |
0.66 |
0.97 |
0.92 |
-0.84 |
1.00 |
Table
2.
Correlation (r) between proximate compositions of Coilia dusumieri collected
from Sheoraphuli Market.
|
Content |
Protein |
Lipid |
Carbohydrate |
Moisture |
Ash |
|
Protein |
1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Lipid |
0.85 |
1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Carbohydrate |
0.46 |
0.48 |
1.00 |
- |
- |
|
Moisture |
-1.00 |
-0.85 |
-0.51 |
1.00 |
- |
|
Ash |
0.96 |
0.69 |
0.46 |
-0.97 |
1.00 |
Table
3.
Correlation (r) between Proximate composition of Lepturacanthus savala collected from Sheoraphuli Market.
|
Content |
Protein |
Lipid |
Carbohydrate |
Moisture |
Ash |
|
Protein |
1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Lipid |
0.89 |
1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Carbohydrate |
0.99 |
0.86 |
1.00 |
- |
- |
|
Moisture |
-0.99 |
-0.93 |
-0.99 |
1.00 |
- |
|
Ash |
0.94 |
0.97 |
0.94 |
-0.97 |
1.00 |
Table
4.
Correlation (r) between proximate compositions of Setipinna phasa collected
from Sheoraphuli Market.
|
Content |
Protein |
Lipid |
Carbohydrate |
Moisture |
Ash |
|
Protein |
1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Lipid |
0.91 |
1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Carbohydrate |
0.98 |
0.97 |
1.00 |
- |
- |
|
Moisture |
-0.99 |
-0.97 |
-1.00 |
1.00 |
- |
|
Ash |
0.70 |
0.93 |
0.81 |
-0.81 |
1.00 |
CONCLUSION
In the tropical
sate like West Bengal where relative humidity is always very high and as a
result moisture uptake from atmosphere is very common when all the dried fishes
stored in gunny bag and displayed in open mouth gunny bags. Moisture content
also varied from species to species. Protein and lipid content was satisfactory
in the selected dried fish species. Ash content was somehow little high due to
presence of sand as the fish processed in open beaches of coastal West Bengal.
Therefore from this result we can conclude that dried fish can provide a
satisfactory nutrition to the consumers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to the
businessman associated with the Sheoraphuli RM for giving necessary support
during the sampling and field level data collection. We are thankful to the
Department of Fish Processing Technology, West Bengal University of Animal and
Fishery Sciences for providing laboratory facilities.
REFERENCES
Rubbi, S., Jahan,
S., & Begum, M. (1987). Studies on composition and spoilage pattern of
seven varieties of marine fishes. Bangladesh
Journal of Applied Science, 14(1), 59-65.
Sanjeev, S., & Surendran, P. (1996). Fate of
enterotoxigenic staphylococci in fish subjected to curing. Fishery Technology, 33(1), 66-68.
Siddique, M., Mojumder, P., & Zamal, H. (2012). Proximate composition
of three commercially available marine dry fishes (Harpodon nehereus, Johnius dussumieri and Lepturacanthus savala). Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2(10), 1082-1087
Siddique, M.A.M. (2011). The role of perceived risk, knowledge, price and
cost in explaining dry fish consumption in Bangladesh within the theory of
planned behavior. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2(10),1082-1087.